Female Circumcision Comes to America - by Linda Burstyn - Atlantic Monthly, Oct 1995 - Performed by new immigrants, veiled in deference to a cultural tradition of the developing world, female circumcision is becoming an American problem.Epidemiology Of Female Sexual Castration In Cairo, Egypt - In 1985, a group of 350 urban Egyptian women were selected to self-report on their recall of their female sexual castration (FSC) which they experienced as children.
Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female Genital Mutilation - by Hanny LightfootKlein - I first became aware of the existence of what at that time was still euphemistically called "female circumcision" in 1979.
Mutilated Humanity - by Ashley Montagu - The story of bodily mutilations would occupy a large volume in the story of humankind, and few would be more strange and interesting than those relating to male and female circumcision.
Female Genital Mutilation: Strategies For Eradication - by Fran P. Hosken - Female genital mutilation - the descriptive term for the different types of operations are "excision" and "infibulation" - continues to be practiced in large regions of Africa, from the Red Sea Coast to the shores of the Atlantic. In Indonesia and Malaysia, less drastic forms of "female circumcision" are practiced by some of the Moslem populations of this region and sporadic occurrences have been registered among other mainly Moslem groups.
Genital Mutilation & The United Nations: Male And Female Circumcision, Human Rights, & The Restoration Of Spiritual Integrity & Freedom - by Anastasios Zavales - The world community is increasingly educated on crimes against humanity, in particular, about individuals practicing genital mutilation, commonly termed circumcision. Genital mutilation affects more than 2 million girlchild victims and more than 13.5 million boychild victims annually throughout the world.
Female Genital Mutilation - Female Circumcision - Northern Arizona University - This section contains studies of female genital mutilation.
The Rite of Female Circumcision - Ethnic NewsWatch - "No one should live in fear of having parts of her genitals sliced off against her will."
Female Circumcision: Clitorectomy and Infibulations - Offers a selection of articles.
Female Circumcision And Child Mortality - by Omar A. Mohamud - from Genus,1991 - There are many variables contributing to infant mortality: low female education attainment, introduction of breast-milk substitutes, short interbirth spacing, reduction in the duration of breast-feeding. In Somalia, an additional factor may affect both early infant and late child mortality. This factor is circumcision.
Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision) - by ReligiousTolerance.org
Comparisons Between Male Circumcision and Female "Circumcision" - Rising Daughters Aware
Islam and Female Circumcision - by Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, Ph.D. - Minaret of Freedom Institute
Female Circumcision Introduction - Female circumcision (henceforth FC) has a variety of manifestations. The ramifications, sexual and healthful, of the various forms are extreme. For these reasons, Western society quickly condemns such rituals. In Western eyes the issue is clear: female circumcision is wrong and barbaric and it must be eradicated at all costs. Unfortunately the issue is not so simple.
Senegal bans female circumcision - BBC News Online - Dec 23, 1998 - Senegal has banned female circumcision on cultural or religious grounds. Anybody found practising circumcision on girls now faces up to five years in prison.
Global Women Intact - Specializing in female circumcision, genital mutilation, alternative ritual of passage information and more.
Female Circumcision Issues Page - The World Health Organization had a conference in February 1979 in Khartoum, Sudan, and unanimously condemned the mutilations as disastrous to womens health and as indefensible on medical as well as humane grounds. In the United States, Rep. Pat Schroeder has written a bill to prohibit female genital mutilation (FGM), H.R. 3247.
Kenyan Woman Forcibly Circumcised - African Eye News Service 07 Dec 2001
The Miserable Tradition Of Female Circumcision - By Deborah Horan - Sep 28, 1997 - Inter Press Service - When Shaima Mahmoud was nine years old, her mother called the village midwife to the house to perform a female rite of passage that has been practiced among women in her Egyptian village for as long as anyone can remember.
First lady celebrates African village that ended female circumcision - News Star Online - Apr 2, 1998 - Hillary Rodham Clinton, meeting with villagers who have ended the practice of female circumcision in their community, praised the village for having started "a great movement."
How is Female Circumcision Trivialized? - "In the same manner as male circumcision, of course!" - Read an extensive list of medical and lay comments about female circumcision.
New Ritual Is Alternative To Female Circumcision - by Dr. Cesar Chelala - Sep 16, 1998 - San Francisco Chronicle - A NEW APPROACH to dealing with female genital mutilation... offers hope for eliminating a practice that has caused women around the world considerable suffering.
Male and Female Circumcision - Related Pages - Anatomy and Function - Commentary - Ethics, Law, Human Rights - Religion - Science and Sociology - Statistics
Articles about Female Circumcision - Historical articles in U.S. medicine.
Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique - This 1959 medical journal article reveals how American medicine condoned female circumcision with arguments similar to those still used today to justify male circumcision. We offer this article for historical reference only, as well as to emphasize these similarities and expose medical arrogance.
Historical Medical Quotes on Female Circumcision - The plain fact is that circumcision is a form of "child care" that male babies can well do without. Female babies are more fortunate. Their bodies are less suitable for mutilation and they are able to pass through babyhood without genital wounding. Unhappily this does not mean they will escape later on.
Knuckleheaded Islamic Thought: Female Circumcision - An angry commentary.
Common Denominators Between Male and Female Circumcision - Lists similarities between male and female circumcision.
Welcome to Womanhood - A video about female circumcision and the effort to stop the practice. - 14 minutes, Grades 10-Adult, Directed by Charlotte Metcalf, Produced by TVE and BBC, 1998, VHS ISBN: 1-56029-755-7
Evils of Female Circumcision - A Somali woman, Waris Derie, now a model in New York, has highlighted the evil practice of female circumcision.
I Was Circumcised and I'm a Woman - The personal experiences of a circumcised woman, Susan Mullen.
Female circumcision - World Health - Sep 1995 - The practice of female circumcision should be abolished because of its harmful effects on those subjected to it. The different sectors of society around the world should unite and carefully study the problem to formulate a solution and help eradicate the harmful traditional practice.
Female Circumcision: Wounds that never heal. - Essence, Mar 1996 - By Marianna L. Barrie - A young Fula woman born in Sierra Leone, W Africa, recounts the horror of being circumcised at the age of 10, and the permanent physical and psychological trauma that resulted.
A Centuries-Old Practice, A Deadly Tradition - FGM and Religion: A False Connection -- FGM, or female circumcision as it is also but incorrectly known, is practiced by Muslims, Christians, animists, and nonbelievers in a range of communities, often under the mistaken belief that it is a religious dictate. - U.S. Fund for UNICEF 1998
Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998) - from Amnesty International
Female circumcision for religious and ritual purposes - Definition and brief analysis of female circumcision.
